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Parts bin

293 parts, each with its pins, ratings and wiring notes, and each one working on the simulator's bench.

Power sources

DC adapter

Switching, regulated wall adapter · 12 V 1 A · centre-positive 5.5 × 2.1 mm

DC barrel plug (bare wires)

5.5 × 2.1 mm male barrel plug on a short lead · centre pin + (red) · sleeve − (black) · 5 A · lead ends…

Current source

Constant-current source · 10 mA · compliance 30 V

Three-phase supply

3-phase 4-wire · 230/400 V · 60 Hz · sequence L1-L2-L3 · 20 A per phase

Utility grid

Service drop · 220 V · 60 Hz

Variac

Variable autotransformer · 500 VA · in 220 V · out 125 V (0–250 V) · not isolated: the output shares the…

Isolation transformer

Safety isolation transformer · 220 V : 220 V · 300 VA · the output floats: no path to earth through you, and…

Ideal elements (theory)

Voltage-controlled voltage source

Ideal VCVS (SPICE E): V(out+ − out−) = 10 × V(control+ − control−). Infinite input impedance, zero output…

Voltage-controlled current source

Ideal VCCS (SPICE G): I out of out+ = 1 mS × V(control+ − control−). Infinite input and output impedance. An…

Current-controlled voltage source

Ideal CCVS (SPICE H), a transresistance: V(out+ − out−) = 1 kΩ × the current through the sense pair (in at…

Current-controlled current source

Ideal CCCS (SPICE F): I out of out+ = 100 × the current through the sense pair (in at the first pin). The…

Formula source

Ideal voltage source set by a formula (SPICE B): V(out+ − out−) = 2*a. a and b are the voltages on the two…

Ideal switch

Ideal switch, open: no current at all. Click it to flip it. An element for circuit theory: a real switch has…

Coupled inductors

Ideal coupled inductors (SPICE K): L1 1 mH, L2 1 mH, coupling k = 0.99, mutual inductance M = 990 µH. Turns…

Schematic symbols

Net label

Net label "OUT": every label with this name is the same node, as if a wire joined them. Drop it on a pin or…

Ground symbol

Ground: every ground symbol (and every net label named GND) is the same node, the 0 V that voltages are…

Voltage rail

Ideal voltage rail: +5 V from ground (the ground symbols) to its pin, with no internal resistance and no…

Logic (ideal)

Logic input

Logic input: low (click it to flip). An ideal source from ground: it needs a ground symbol on the bench.

Logic gate

Ideal AND gate with 2 inputs: high is 5 V, an input counts as high above 2.5 V, inputs draw no current, the…

Flip-flop

Ideal D flip-flop, clocked on the rising edge: Q takes D. High is 5 V; outputs are ideal sources to ground…

Logic output

Logic output: shows H above 2.5 V from ground, L below. Draws no current; it needs a ground symbol on the…

Batteries & cells

9 V battery

Alkaline 9 V · ~1.5 Ω internal · 550 mAh · 100 % left

AA cell

Alkaline 1.5 V · ~0.15 Ω internal · 2500 mAh · 100 % left

18650 Li-ion cell

Li-ion NMC · 3.7 V nominal · 2500 mAh · 90% charged

21700 Li-ion cell

Li-ion NMC 21700 · 3.7 V nominal · 5000 mAh · 90% charged

LiFePO4 cell

LiFePO4 32700 · 3.2 V nominal · 6000 mAh · 80% charged

LiFePO4 prismatic cell

Prismatic LiFePO4 cell (aluminium can, M6 stud terminals) · 3.2 V nominal, 2.5–3.65 V · 200 Ah (640 Wh) · 1…

LiFePO4 prismatic cell 50 Ah (LF50K)

LiFePO4 prismatic · 3.2 V nominal · 50000 mAh · 60% charged

LiFePO4 prismatic cell 105 Ah (LF105)

LiFePO4 prismatic · 3.2 V nominal · 105000 mAh · 60% charged

Flat Li-ion battery (LP603450)

LP603450 Li-polymer · 3.7 V · 1200 mAh · protection board (cuts at 4.28 V / 2.5 V / 3 A) · JST-PH 2.0 lead

18650 battery holder

2-slot · 18650 Li-ion 2500 mAh · 2S series

LiFePO4 battery

LiFePO4 12.8 V 100 Ah · 1280 Wh · built-in 100 A BMS

Lead-acid battery

Flooded lead-acid 12 V 100 Ah (C20) · 1240 Wh nameplate, about 620 Wh usable at 50 % · no BMS · vents…

Battery pack

3S 11.1 V 2.5 Ah Li-ion · 28 Wh · full 12.6 V, empty 9.0 V · built-in BMS

Battery capacity indicator

Panel-mount LCD battery capacity indicator · 8–70 V · 10-section bar with % or voltage · code P12: lead-acid…

Battery monitor with shunt (coulomb counter) (TF03K)

Shunt 100 A / 75 mV · 100 Ah LiFePO4 12.8 V · counts amp-hours

Low-voltage disconnect (12 V, 30 A)

MOSFET battery protector · Lead-acid: off 10.5 V, back on 12.0 V · 10 s delay · 30 A

ER14505 lithium cell

Li-SOCl2 AA bobbin cell · 3.6 V flat until nearly empty · 2600 mAh · self-discharge about 1 %/year · made…

Charging & BMS

LiFePO4 charger

LiFePO4 battery charger for 12.8 V (4S) · AC 100–240 V 50/60 Hz in · 14.6 V 10 A out (146 W) · CC/CV, stops…

TP4056 charger module (DW01)

USB-C 5 V · CC/CV to 4.2 V · 1 A · DW01 protection

TP5000 charger module

5 V in · CC/CV to 4.2 V (Li-ion) · 2 A · charger only: pair it with a protection board

1S protection board (TP4056, DW01A, FS8205A)

the TP4056 companion board: DW01A + one FS8205A · 1S Li-ion · 3 A continuous, trips at about 3 A (7 ms)…

1S 10 A protection board (DW01A, FS8205A)

DW01A driving four FS8205A in parallel · 1S Li-ion · 10 A continuous, trips at about 12 A (7 ms), short…

2S BMS

HX-2S 20 A board with balancing · 2S Li-ion · 20 A continuous, trips at about 30 A (10 ms), short circuit…

3S BMS (FL25A)

HX-3S-FL25A (no balancing; transient 34–40 A) · 3S Li-ion · 25 A continuous, trips at about 37 A (10 ms)…

3S 40 A BMS

Daly 3S 40 A common-port · 3S Li-ion · 40 A continuous, trips at about 120 A (1 ms), short circuit about 240…

4S Li-ion BMS

Daly 4S 30 A common-port · 4S Li-ion · 30 A continuous, trips at about 90 A (1 ms), short circuit about 180…

6S Li-ion BMS

Daly 6S 40 A common-port · 6S Li-ion · 40 A continuous, trips at about 120 A (1 ms), short circuit about 240…

7S Li-ion BMS

Daly 7S 40 A common-port · 7S Li-ion · 40 A continuous, trips at about 120 A (1 ms), short circuit about 240…

10S Li-ion BMS

Daly 10S 30 A common-port · 10S Li-ion · 30 A continuous, trips at about 90 A (1 ms), short circuit about…

13S Li-ion BMS

Daly 13S 40 A common-port · 13S Li-ion · 40 A continuous, trips at about 120 A (1 ms), short circuit about…

1S LiFePO4 protection board

1S 3.2 V 10 A LiFePO4 board (trips at 16 A) · 1S LiFePO4 · 10 A continuous, trips at about 16 A (10 ms)…

4S LiFePO4 BMS 20 A

Daly 4S 20 A LiFePO4 common-port · 4S LiFePO4 · 20 A continuous, trips at about 60 A (1 ms), short circuit…

4S LiFePO4 BMS

Daly 4S 40 A LiFePO4 common-port · 4S LiFePO4 · 40 A continuous, trips at about 120 A (1 ms), short circuit…

4S LiFePO4 BMS 100 A

Daly 4S 100 A LiFePO4 common-port · 4S LiFePO4 · 100 A continuous, trips at about 300 A (1 ms), short…

8S LiFePO4 BMS

Daly 8S 60 A LiFePO4 common-port · 8S LiFePO4 · 60 A continuous, trips at about 180 A (1 ms), short circuit…

8S LiFePO4 BMS 100 A

Daly 8S 100 A LiFePO4 common-port · 8S LiFePO4 · 100 A continuous, trips at about 300 A (1 ms), short…

16S LiFePO4 BMS

Daly 16S 100 A LiFePO4 common-port · 16S LiFePO4 · 100 A continuous, trips at about 300 A (1 ms), short…

3S LiFePO4 BMS

small 3S 9.6 V LiFePO4 board (LiFePO4 protection ICs, balancing near full) · 3S LiFePO4 · 5 A continuous…

Solar & inverters

Solar panel

100 W · 36-cell mono (12 V nominal) · Voc 22.4 V · Isc 5.75 A · Vmp 18.2 V · Imp 5.5 A · 100 W at STC · β…

Small poly panel

Polycrystalline 6 V 2 W mini · 136 × 110 mm · Voc 7.2 V · Isc 0.37 A · epoxy-laminated, bare leads

Solar charge controller

EPEVER Tracer 3210AN · MPPT 30 A · 12/24 V auto · PV max 100 V Voc · load output 30 A · LiFePO4 (LFP4S)

Power inverter

Pure sine 1000 W · DC 12 V in · AC 220 V 60 Hz out

Grid-tie inverter

Micro inverter 600 W · MPPT 16–60 V · anti-islanding

Hybrid solar inverter

3.6 kW · 24 V battery · MPPT 60–450 V · Solar → battery → utility

Regulators & converters

Switching power supply

Enclosed SMPS · AC 100–240 V in · 24 V 6.3 A (150 W) out, adjustable ±10 % · over-current hiccup…

CC/CV buck module (LM2596, XL4015, HW-688)

XL4015 CC/CV step-down · in 8–36 V · out 1.25–32 V · set 12.60 V (CV) and 1.00 A (CC) · blocks reverse…

7805 regulator (LM7805, TO-220)

LM7805 linear regulator · TO-220 · in 7–35 V · out 5 V 1.5 A · on a heatsink (≈ 12 °C/W)

LM317 / LM338 regulator (LM317T, TO-220)

LM317T adjustable linear regulator · V_out = 1.25 V × (1 + R2/R1) · 1.5 A · max 40 V in−out · on a heatsink…

Step-down converter (LM2596, XL4015, HW-688)

LM2596 buck module · in 4.5–40 V · out 5.00 V · 3 A max

USB step-down module (LM2596, XL4015, HW-688)

HW-688 buck · in 9–36 V · fixed 5.2 V USB output · 5 A (25 W) · over-current and over-temperature protection

USB step-down module (ZCL-B53) (LMR33630ADDA)

The lab’s own design · TI LMR33630ADDA synchronous buck, 400 kHz · in 6–36 V (12 V or 24 V systems) on a 5.5…

DC UPS / ATS module

Mains-priority auto transfer · 3S Li-ion · 12.6 V charger at 1 A · 5 A output · input 12–24 V

Transformer

Laminated EI core · 220 V : 12 V · 24 VA · step-down · 60 Hz

AMS1117 regulator (AMS1117-3, SOT-223)

AMS1117-3.3 · SOT-223 · fixed 3.3 V · 1 A · needs about 1.1 V of headroom at full load (an “LDO” by 1990s…

7905 negative regulator (LM7905, TO-220)

LM7905 negative regulator · TO-220 · in −7 to −35 V · out −5 V 1.5 A · pinout GND, IN, OUT (different from…

MT3608 boost module

MT3608 boost (step-up) module · in 2–24 V · out 12.0 V (5–28 V, set by the trimmer) · 2 A switch limit, so…

TPS61088 boost module

TI TPS61088 synchronous boost module · in 2.7–12 V (UVLO 2.5 V) · out 4.0 V (set by the feedback resistors…

Power-bank boost module

Synchronous boost to 5.1 V · 2.4 A USB-A out · low-battery cut-off at 3.0 V (restarts after recharging) ·…

XL6009 buck-boost module

XL6009 SEPIC buck-boost module · in 5–32 V · out 12.0 V (1.25–35 V) above or below the input · 4 A switch…

PWM controller + gate driver (UC3843)

PWM controller (UC3843 class) with a low-side and a floating high-side gate driver · 20 kHz · fixed duty 40…

HT7333 LDO (HT7333-A, TO-92)

HT7333-A · TO-92 · 3.3 V · 250 mA · about 0.1 V dropout and only 4 µA quiescent current: made for battery…

Boost PFC stage

Boost power-factor corrector (averaged) · CCM, 65 kHz · 390 V bus · up to 150 W · running

Passive components

Resistor (CFR-25)

Carbon film · 0.25 W

Potentiometer

Rotary · 10 kΩ linear

Photoresistor (LDR) (GL5528)

GL5528 CdS light-dependent resistor · 14 kΩ at 10 lux · 1 MΩ dark · γ 0.6 · 100 mW

Electrolytic capacitor

Aluminium · 470 µF 25 V · polarised

Supercapacitor

10 F 2.7 V EDLC cell · ESR 75 mΩ · ±20 %

Film capacitor

Polyester box · 1 µF 100 V · non-polarised, fine for AC

Toroidal inductor

Ferrite toroid · 1 H · DCR 8 Ω

Ceramic capacitor

X7R multilayer (MLCC) · 100 nF 50 V · non-polarised, very low ESR

Variable capacitor

Air-dielectric tuning capacitor · 10 pF – 365 pF · now 187 pF

Axial choke

Ferrite-core inductor · 100 µH · DCR 350 mΩ · saturates near 900 mA

Ferrite bead

Ferrite bead · 120 Ω at 100 MHz · 0.03 Ω DC · 3 A · blocks high-frequency noise, passes DC

Quartz crystal

32.768 kHz watch crystal · series resonance 32.768 kHz · C0 1.3 pF · simulated Q 2000 (real crystals: 20 000…

NTC thermistor (MF52)

10 kΩ NTC sensor (MF52) · R25 10 kΩ · B 3950 K · resistance falls as it warms

PTC thermistor

Switching PTC · 25 Ω cold · switches at 80 °C · resistance climbs steeply above it (motor start, degauss…

MOV varistor

14D471K metal-oxide varistor · 470 V at 1 mA · clamps surges, absorbs about 70 J · use across mains after…

Aged electrolytic

Aluminium electrolytic that has dried out with age and heat · marked 470 µF 25 V · ESR 2 Ω (a new one is…

Diodes & transistors

Signal diode (1N4148)

1N4148 · Small-signal switching · 0.3 A · 100 V

Schottky diode (1N5819, SR560, 1N5822, SS34)

1N5819 · Schottky · 1 A · 40 V · low Vf

Rectifier diode (1N4007, 1N4001, 1N5408)

1N4007 · General-purpose rectifier · 1 A · 1000 V

Zener diode (1N4733A)

1N4733A · 5.1 V Zener · 1 W · 7 Ω at 49 mA

Bridge rectifier (DB107, KBP307, GBU806, KBPC3510)

GBU806 full-wave bridge · 8 A · 600 V · four diodes in one package

LED

5 mm red · Vf ≈ 1.9 V @ 20 mA

LED board

24 × 2835 0.5 W cool white 6500 k on an aluminium board, all in parallel, each with a 4.7 Ω ballast resistor…

SMD LED

2835 0.5 W SMD LED, cool white 6500 k · 2.8 × 3.5 mm · Vf ≈ 3.1 V at 150 mA (60 lm) · 200 mA max · needs a…

NPN transistor (2N2222A, PN2222, TO-92, 2N2222)

2N2222 · TO-92 · β ≈ 180 · 600 mA

PNP transistor (2N2907A, TO-92, 2N2907)

2N2907 · TO-92 · β ≈ 180 · 600 mA

N-channel MOSFET (IRLZ44N, TO-220)

IRLZ44N · TO-220 · logic level · Vth ≈ 1.8 V

Germanium diode (1N34A)

1N34A · Germanium point-contact · 0.05 A · 60 V

TVS diode

SMBJ5A unidirectional · stand-off 5 V · breakdown 5.8 V · clamps to 8.1 V at 74.1 A · 600 W for 1 ms

P-channel MOSFET (AO3401, IRF9540N, AOD4185, TO-92)

AO3401 · TO-92 (SOT-23 on a carrier) · V_GS(th) ≈ −0.9 V · 4 A · −30 V · turns on when the gate is pulled…

N-channel JFET (2N5457)

2N5457 · I_DSS 3 mA · V_P -1.8 V · conducts at V_GS = 0 and pinches off as the gate goes negative

IGBT (IRGB4062)

IRGB4062 class · 600 V · 24 A · V_CE(sat) ≈ 1.7 V · V_GE(th) ≈ 5 V · drive the gate with 15 V · co-packed…

Matched transistor pair (DMMT3904)

DMMT3904 dual NPN on one die · V_BE matched to 1 mV · both share the same temperature

BSS138 N-MOSFET (SOT-23)

BSS138 · N-channel logic MOSFET · 50 V · 0.2 A · V_GS(th) ≈ 1.3 V · R_DS(on) ≈ 3.5 Ω at 2.5 V · body diode…

8205A dual N-MOSFET

8205A dual N-channel MOSFET (TSSOP-8 on a carrier) · two FETs with their drains joined · 20 V · 6 A · about…

Thyristors

SCR (thyristor) (BT151)

C106D · 4 A · 400 V · gate trigger 200 µA · holding 3 mA · once triggered it latches on until the current…

TRIAC (BT136-600E, BT136, BTA16)

BT136-600E · 4 A · 600 V · conducts both ways once the gate fires · gate trigger 10 mA · turns off at each…

DIAC

DB3 trigger diode · breaks over at about 32 V in either direction, then snaps back by about 10 V · fires…

UJT (unijunction) (2N2646)

2N2646 unijunction transistor · R_BB ≈ 6.8 kΩ · η ≈ 0.62 · fires when the emitter passes η·V_BB + 0.6 V…

Neon lamp

NE-2 neon glow lamp · strikes at about 90 V, keeps glowing down to about 60 V · needs a series resistor…

Optoelectronics

Photodiode (BPW34)

BPW34 PIN photodiode · about 50 µA at 1000 lux · use reverse-biased into a resistor or an op-amp…

Phototransistor (PT204)

PT204 NPN phototransistor (2 leads: collector and emitter) · light acts as base current · about 1 mA at 1000…

Optocoupler (PC817)

PC817 · LED and phototransistor sealed together · CTR ≈ 100 % (I_C ≈ I_F) · 5 kV isolation between the two…

Opto-TRIAC driver (MOC3063, MOC3021)

MOC3063 · LED-triggered TRIAC output for driving a power TRIAC gate · trigger at 5 mA LED current ·…

IR LED

5 mm infrared LED · 940 nm (invisible to the eye; a phone camera shows a faint purple glow) · V_F ≈ 1.25 V ·…

IR receiver (VS1838B)

VS1838B IR receiver module · 38 kHz demodulator · output idles high and pulls low while it sees an IR remote…

RGB LED

5 mm RGB LED · common cathode · red 1.9 V, green 2.1 V (pure green ≈ 3 V in many parts), blue 3.0 V · 20 mA…

WS2812 LED strip

WS2812B · 8 LEDs · 5 V · each LED has its own driver chip, colour set over one data wire (Adafruit_NeoPixel)…

ICs & op-amps

Op-amp (LM358, TL072)

LM358 dual op-amp · single supply 3–32 V · open-loop gain 100k · GBW 1 MHz · slew 0.3 V/µs · output to…

Comparator (LM393)

LM393 dual comparator · 2–36 V single supply · open-collector outputs (need a pull-up) · sinks 16 mA

555 timer (NE555)

NE555 timer · 4.5–16 V · output sources or sinks 200 mA · thresholds at ⅓ and ⅔ V_CC (set by the CTRL pin)

LM339 quad comparator (DIP-14)

LM339 · four comparators · 2–36 V single supply · open-collector outputs (each needs a pull-up) · sinks 16 mA

NE5532 low-noise op-amp

NE5532 dual low-noise audio op-amp · ±3 to ±20 V · open-loop gain 100k · GBW 10 MHz · slew 9 V/µs · output…

TL431 reference

TL431 adjustable shunt regulator · sinks whatever current (1–100 mA) keeps REF at 2.495 V above the anode ·…

LM386 audio amp (LM386N-1)

LM386N-1 · 4–12 V · gain 20 (pins 1–8 open) to 200 (10 µF across 1–8) · up to about 0.7 W into 8 Ω · output…

ULN2003 driver (ULN2003A)

ULN2003A · seven Darlington low-side switches · 2.7 kΩ input resistors (3.3 / 5 V logic) · 500 mA per…

DW01 Li-ion protector (DW01A, SOT-23)

DW01A one-cell Li-ion protection IC (SOT-23-6) · drives two MOSFETs: OD (discharge) and OC (charge) ·…

ATECC608 secure element (ATECC608B, SHA256)

Microchip ATECC608B on a breakout · I2C 0x60 · stores keys that can't be read out: computes HMAC-SHA256 and…

Microcontrollers & modules

Arduino Uno R3 (ATmega328P)

Arduino Uno R3 · ATmega328P 16 MHz, 5 V logic · 32 KB flash (0.5 KB bootloader), 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB EEPROM · 14…

Arduino Nano (ATmega328P, FT232RL)

Arduino Nano · ATmega328P 16 MHz, 5 V logic · 32 KB flash (2 KB bootloader), 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB EEPROM · 14…

ESP32 DevKit (ESP32-WROOM-32, AMS1117)

ESP32-WROOM-32 DevKit V1 · 30 pins · 3.3 V logic · VIN 5 V through AMS1117

ESP32-S3 DevKitC-1 (ESP32-S3-WROOM-1, ESP32-S3-WROOM-1-N8R8, SGM2212)

ESP32-S3-DevKitC-1 v1.1 · ESP32-S3-WROOM-1-N8R8 (8 MB flash, 8 MB octal PSRAM) · dual-core 240 MHz Xtensa…

Raspberry Pi Pico 2 (RP2350A, RT6154A, RP2350)

Raspberry Pi Pico 2 · RP2350A dual Cortex-M33 (or Hazard3 RISC-V) at 150 MHz · 520 KB SRAM · 4 MB flash · 26…

LILYGO T-SIM A7670E R2 (ESP32-WROVER-E, ESP32)

LILYGO T-SIM A7670E R2 · ESP32-WROVER-E (240 MHz, 4 MB flash, 8 MB PSRAM, Wi-Fi + BLE) · SIMCom A7670E-LASE…

Orange Pi One

Orange Pi One · Allwinner H3 quad Cortex-A7 1.2 GHz, Mali-400 MP2 · 512 MB DDR3 · boots from microSD…

Coin acceptor

Multi-coin acceptor · DC 12 V ±10 % · 80 mA idle, 250 mA accepting · open-collector COIN output, one pulse…

Coin slot (₱5 only)

Single-coin validator taught the ₱5 · DC 12 V ±10 % · 80 mA idle, 250 mA accepting · open-collector COIN…

I2C LCD (HD44780, PCF8574)

HD44780 16×2 character LCD · PCF8574 I2C backpack at 0x27 · 5 V · white on blue

MAX7219 8-digit display

MAX7219 LED driver with eight 7-segment digits · SPI write-only: DIN, CLK, CS (load) · 5 V · send register…

ILI9341 2.8" TFT (SPI) (MSP2807, MSP2806, XPT2046)

2.8" TFT LCD module, ILI9341 controller, 240 × 320, 65K colours, 4-wire SPI · VCC 3.3–5 V (662K 3.3 V LDO…

1.69" IPS TFT (ST7789) (ST7789V2)

1.69" IPS LCD module, ST7789V2 controller, 240 × 280, 65K colours, 4-wire SPI (write only) · VCC 3.3–5 V ·…

OLED display (I²C) (SSD1306, SH1106)

0.96" 128×64, white · SSD1306 · I²C 0x3C

MPU-6050 IMU (GY-521)

GY-521 breakout · 3-axis accelerometer ±2 g and gyro ±250 °/s · I²C at 0x68 · 3.3–5 V, pull-ups on board ·…

BME280 environment sensor

BME280 breakout · temperature ±1 °C, humidity ±3 %, pressure ±1 hPa · I²C at 0x76 · 3.3 V · now 29 °C, 72 %…

Hobby servo (SG90)

SG90 micro servo · 4.8–6 V · 50 Hz pulses: 0.5 ms = 0°, 1.5 ms = 90°, 2.5 ms = 180° · ~10 mA holding…

GPS module

u-blox NEO-6M on a GY-NEO6MV2 board · VCC 3–5 V (3.3 V LDO), 3.3 V UART · Open sky · NMEA at 9600 baud, 1 Hz…

4G LTE module

SIMCom A7670 LTE Cat-1 board · VIN 5–12 V · UART 3.3 V at 115200 · SIM inserted

MAX485 RS-485 module (MAX485CSA, MAX3485)

MAX485 half-duplex RS-485 transceiver module · 5 V part (works at 3.3 V on the bench, out of spec: use a…

microSD card module (AMS1117, 74LVC125A, FAT32)

Micro SD Card Adapter (AMS1117 + 74LVC125A, 5 V) · 16 GB microSDHC (FAT32)

DS3231 RTC module (ZS-042) (DS3231SN, AT24C32)

DS3231SN real-time clock, ±2 ppm TCXO · AT24C32 EEPROM · CR2032 (3 V lithium, NOT rechargeable)

L298N motor driver

L298N dual H-bridge module · 5–35 V motor supply · 2 A per channel (bipolar Darlington outputs: about 2 V…

DRV8833 motor driver

DRV8833 dual H-bridge breakout · 2.7–10.8 V · 1.5 A per channel (MOSFETs, about 0.36 Ω per side) · IN1/IN2…

INA219 current sensor

INA219 breakout · 0.1 Ω shunt between VIN+ and VIN− in the high side · measures shunt voltage (±320 mV →…

ACS712 Hall current sensor (ACS712ELC, ACS712ELC-5A)

ACS712ELC-5A breakout · Hall-effect, isolated from the load path (1.2 mΩ) · OUT = V_CC/2 + 185 mV per amp ·…

HX711 load-cell ADC

HX711 breakout · 24-bit ADC with a gain-128 bridge amplifier · supplies the bridge excitation (E+ ≈ 4.3 V…

PAM8403 class-D amp

PAM8403 stereo class-D amplifier board · 2.5–5.5 V · 2 × 3 W into 4 Ω · gain 24 dB (× 16, bridge-tied) ·…

Relay module (SRD-05VDC)

1-channel relay board · 5 V coil (SRD-5VDC) with transistor, flyback diode and indicator LED · input active…

nRF52832 BLE module

Ebyte E73 (nRF52832) · Bluetooth LE · 1.7–3.6 V · 1.9 µA asleep with the RTC, low-power comparator 0.5 µA ·…

E-paper display 1.54" (SSD1681)

1.54-inch e-paper module (SSD1681) · 200 × 200 · SPI · 3.3 V · draws about 5 mA for 2 s while it refreshes…

Sensors

DS18B20 temperature sensor

DS18B20 digital thermometer · −55 to 125 °C, ±0.5 °C · 1-Wire bus on DQ: needs a 4.7 kΩ pull-up to 3.3 V ·…

LM35 temperature sensor (LM35DZ)

LM35DZ analog thermometer · output 10 mV per °C (250 mV at 25 °C) · 4–30 V supply · ±0.5 °C · now 28 °C

MAX6675 thermocouple module

MAX6675 board with a K-type thermocouple · 0–1024 °C in 0.25 °C steps · SPI read-only: SO, SCK, CS · 3–5.5 V…

PIR motion sensor (SR501)

HC-SR501 passive infrared motion sensor · 4.5–20 V · output 3.3 V HIGH for 3 s after movement (re-triggers)…

Ultrasonic distance sensor (SR04)

HC-SR04 ultrasonic ranger · 5 V · send a 10 µs pulse on TRIG; ECHO then goes HIGH for 58 µs per cm (out to…

Hall-effect switch

A3144 unipolar Hall switch · 4.5–24 V · open-collector output pulls LOW while a magnet's south pole is near…

Reed switch

Glass reed switch · contacts close when a magnet is near · 0.5 A, 100 V · used in door/window sensors…

Soil moisture sensor

Capacitive soil-moisture probe v1.2 · 3.3–5.5 V · analog output about 2.9 V in dry air falling to about 1.3…

Microphone amplifier (MAX4466)

Electret microphone with a MAX4466 amplifier · 2.4–5.5 V · output sits at V_CC/2 and swings with sound (gain…

Load cell

Aluminium bar load cell · 5 kg · full Wheatstone bridge of 1 kΩ strain gauges · 1 mV per volt of excitation…

Water tank with probes

Tank with stainless probes: common at the bottom, then LOW, MID and HIGH · water between probes is about 30…

DHT22 temperature & humidity sensor (AM2302)

DHT22 / AM2302 module · −40 to 80 °C ±0.5 °C · 0–100 % RH ±2 % · 3.3–6 V · one data wire with a 10 kΩ…

Networking & PoE

12 V Wi-Fi router

Wi-Fi router · DC 12 V 1 A in (5.5 × 2.1 mm, centre +) · 1 WAN + 4 LAN · 4–7 W · no PoE

12 V PoE router

5-port router · 9–28 V DC via the jack or passive PoE-in on ETH1 · passive PoE-out on ETH5 (input voltage, 1…

Fiber modem (ONU)

GPON fiber modem/router (ONU) of the kind ISPs such as PLDT and Converge install · DC 12 V 1.5 A in (5.5 ×…

12 V Wi-Fi access point

Ceiling Wi-Fi access point · DC 12 V 1 A in (5.5 × 2.1 mm) · 1 × LAN · 5–7 W

5-port network switch (RJ45)

Unmanaged 5-port 10/100 Ethernet switch · DC 12 V (9–15 V) 0.5 A · 5.5 × 2.1 mm jack

8-port network switch (RJ45)

Unmanaged 8-port 10/100 Ethernet switch · DC 12 V (9–15 V) 0.5 A · 5.5 × 2.1 mm jack

PoE adapter

Passive PoE wall adapter · 24 V 1 A · + on pins 4/5, − on pins 7/8 of the PoE port · LAN port passes data…

Passive PoE injector

Passive PoE injector · DC in by jack or screw terminals (passes the input voltage) · + on pins 4/5, − on…

Switches & protection

Fuse

Blade fuse (ATO) in inline holder · 10 A · ATO/ATC blade · 32 V DC · 1000 A interrupting

Relay (SRD-12VDC)

SPDT power relay · 12 V coil (400 Ω, 400 mH) · contacts 10 A 250 V AC · pulls in at 70 %, drops out below 25…

Toggle switch

SPST bat-handle · OFF

Changeover switch

SPDT toggle · COM switched to A

Push button

12 mm tactile · momentary · hold to close

Wall switch

1-gang 1-way rocker · 250 V 10 A

AC breaker

2-pole MCB · C20 · 230/400 V~

RCD (30 mA)

2-pole residual-current device (RCCB) · 40 A · trips when 30 mA leaks to earth, within 40 ms · press T to…

DC breaker

2-pole MCB · C16 · DC 500 V, polarised

Resettable polyfuse

Resettable PTC fuse (polyfuse) · hold 0.5 A · Polymer PTC · 30 V · trips near 2× hold current, resets when…

Stop button (NC)

22 mm panel push button · normally closed · opens while pressed · red · 10 A

Contactor

3-pole contactor · 24 V DC coil · main contacts 9 A (AC-3, 4 kW motor) · auxiliary 13–14 normally open for a…

Thermal flasher

Car turn-signal flasher (bimetal) · 12 V · 2 × 21 W lamps · lamp current heats a bimetal strip that bends…

Solid-state relay (SSR-25DA)

Fotek-style SSR-25DA · input 3–32 V DC (about 7.5 mA) · output 24–380 V AC, 25 A with a heatsink ·…

Slide switch (SS12D00)

SS12D00 miniature slide switch · SPDT · 0.5 A 50 V DC · common on the middle pin · now to pin 1 · click to…

Rotary encoder (KY-040) (EC11)

KY-040 incremental rotary encoder · 20 detents per turn, 1 quadrature cycle per detent · CLK/DT pulled up 10…

4×4 keypad

4×4 membrane keypad · 8 wires: rows R1–R4 and columns C1–C4 · pressing a key connects one row to one column…

Limit switch

KW11 lever microswitch · SPDT: COM, NO, NC · 5 A 250 V · snaps over when the lever is pushed: end stops…

Emergency stop

Emergency-stop push button · latching: pressing it locks the NC contact open until you twist to release · 1…

Fan speed switch

Piano-key speed selector · 250 V 5 A · key 3 pressed (3, high)

Bimetal thermostat (KSD301)

Snap-disc bimetal thermostat (KSD301 type) · 250 V 16 A · opens at 60 °C, closes again at 54 °C · clip it to…

Thermal fuse

One-shot thermal fuse (SEFUSE type) · 250 V 10 A · opens for good at 95 °C · clip it to the part it guards

Hatch sealing loop

Sealing loop · 6 m of 3 mm stainless wire rope with a 40 AWG nichrome core (220 Ω/m, 1.32 kΩ) · threaded…

Surge protector (SPD)

PV DC SPD, Type 2, 600 V · DIN-rail module, two pluggable varistor cartridges with a status window each · Uc…

Loads & appliances

Incandescent bulb

Miniature lamp · 6V 3W

12 V DC LED bulb

A60 E27 · 9 W · 12 V DC · either polarity

DC motor

130-size brushed · ~6 Ω

Active buzzer

Magnetic 12 mm · 3–12 V · ~2.3 kHz

220 V bulb

A60 E27 · LED 9 W · 220–240 V AC

220 V desk fan

12-inch desk fan · 40 W · 220 V AC

Household appliance

LED TV 43" · 100 W · 220 V AC

Speaker

Moving-coil loudspeaker · 8 Ω · 0.5 W · voice coil ≈ 0.2 mH

High-impedance earphone

Magnetic earpiece · 2 kΩ · sensitive enough to hear a crystal radio with no battery

Pilot lamp

Miniature incandescent lamp · 12 V 25 mA · about 48 Ω cold, 480 Ω hot: tungsten resistance rises tenfold as…

Piezo disc (passive)

27 mm passive piezo disc · about 20 nF · makes no sound on DC: drive it with a tone (tone(), PWM or an…

Stepper motor (unipolar) (ULN2003)

28BYJ-48 geared stepper · 5 V · four 50 Ω phases with a common (red) · 4096 half-steps per output turn (64:1…

Stepper motor (bipolar) (DRV8833)

NEMA 17 bipolar stepper · 12 V, 0.4 A per coil (30 Ω) · two coils, A and B, 200 full steps per turn (1.8°) ·…

Solenoid (JF-0530B)

JF-0530B push-pull solenoid · 12 V, 20 Ω coil (0.6 A) · pulls the plunger in above about 0.4 A, lets go…

Fluorescent lamp

T8 40 W fluorescent tube on a magnetic ballast (1.2 H choke) with a glow starter · 220 V 60 Hz · the starter…

Stand-fan motor (PSC)

16-inch stand fan · permanent-split-capacitor motor, 4-pole · 220 V 60 Hz · about 55 W on high · main +…

Storage water heater

Storage water heater · 15 L tank, polyurethane insulated · 1500 W sheathed element (220 V, 32.3 Ω) · water…

USB & power interfaces

USB charger / port

Wall charger · USB-A · 5.1 V 2.4 A · D+ and D− shorted (BC1.2 dedicated charging port)

USB-to-serial adapter (CP2102)

CH340G USB-to-TTL module · logic 5 V (jumper) · 115200 baud in the monitor

USB-C PD charger

USB-C Power Delivery charger · 65 W · offers 5 V 3 A / 9 V 3 A / 15 V 3 A / 20 V 3.25 A · Rp on CC (3 A)

USB-C PD source controller

USB-C Power Delivery source controller on a small board with the receptacle · VIN 3.3–24 V (from the…

Synchronous buck converter IC

Synchronous buck controller with both MOSFETs inside (averaged model: the switch node is duty × VIN) ·…

USB-C PD trigger + meter (ZY12PDN)

USB-C PD sink (trigger board) · requests 9 V · 5.1 kΩ Rd on CC · built-in V/A meter and 0–3 A load ·…

Smartphone

Smartphone · USB-C · 4500 mAh Li-ion · charges at up to 18 W (USB PD 9 V 2 A) · shows its charging volts…

USB-C breakout

USB-C receptacle on a breakout · VBUS, GND, CC1, CC2, D+, D− on 2.54 mm pins · 5.1 kΩ Rd fitted on CC1 and CC2

Current-mode PWM controller (UC3844)

UC3844 current-mode PWM controller (DIP-8) · UVLO on 16 V / off 10 V · 0.5 mA start-up current · output at…

Flyback transformer (PQ26, PQ2625)

Gapped ferrite PQ26/25 flyback transformer · Np 40 : Ns 8 : Na 22 · Lp 450 µH · leakage 4 µH · saturates…

High-voltage N-MOSFET (SPA11N80C3, TO-220)

SPA11N80C3 CoolMOS · TO-220 FullPAK (insulated tab) · 800 V · 11 A · 0.45 Ω (≈ 1 Ω hot) · Qg 50 nC · on a 10…

Common-mode choke

Common-mode line filter choke · 20 mH per winding · 2 A · 600 mΩ per winding · blocks noise that flows the…

NPN transistor, 300 V (MJE340, TO-126)

MJE340 · TO-126 · 300 V · 0.5 A · about 1.25 W in free air (20 W on a heatsink) · β 30–240

LMR33630 buck regulator IC (LMR33630ADDA)

TI LMR33630ADDA · synchronous step-down regulator, both MOSFETs inside · 3.8–36 V in (38 V absolute maximum)…

Connectors & wiring

Breadboard

Half-size solderless breadboard · 30 columns × a–j + 2 power rails each side

Perfboard

Prototype board 24 × 18 holes · 2.54 mm pitch · FR-4, plated through-hole pads on both sides · no strips…

Via

Plated via · 1 mm pad, 0.5 mm drill · joins top and bottom copper

Printed circuit board

2-layer FR-4 board 102 × 66 mm · 1.6 mm · 1 oz copper · 0 nets from the schematic · showing the layout

DC barrel jack

Panel / breadboard jack · 5.5 × 2.1 mm · centre pin + · 5 A

USB-A receptacle

USB-A receptacle (female), through-hole · pins VBUS, D−, D+, GND · a phone plugged in checks D+/D−: shorted…

Wall outlet

Duplex universal outlet · 2 sockets on one 16 A rating · 250 V · neon indicator

Net meter

Bi-directional kWh meter · 1000 imp/kWh

Energy sub-meter

Single-phase DIN-rail energy meter · 230 V 5(63) A · 1 module · shows V, A, W, PF and kWh · wire it in…

PZEM-004T v3.0 AC meter

Peacefair PZEM-004T V3.0, 10 A version (shunt inside) · 80–260 V AC · measures V, A, W, Wh, Hz, PF · TTL…

Junction box (PH, PVC)

4×4 in square orange PVC junction box · empty: the wires come in through the knockouts and are spliced…

Terminal junction box (EU / panel)

4×4 in (100 × 100 mm) PVC utility box · 4 screw terminal strips (L, N, S1, S2) × 5 clamps · 450 V 32 A

Screw terminal block (KF301)

PCB screw terminal (KF301 type) · 2 way · 5.08 mm pitch · 300 V 16 A · pins solder into the board, wires…

Digital logic

DIP switch module

4-position DIP switch on a small board · each output tied to VCC when ON, pulled to GND by 10 kΩ when OFF ·…

Clock / pulse generator

Square-wave clock · 1 Hz · output swings GND to VCC · 50 Ω

Logic indicator LED

Red LED with a 1 kΩ series resistor on a tiny board · lights from about 2.5 V · ~3 mA at 5 V

Logic probe

Pen-style logic probe · CMOS thresholds (HI ≥ 70 %, LO ≤ 30 % of VCC) · 1 MΩ tip

Hex display (decoded)

Trainer hex readout · VCC 5 V · four TTL-level inputs D0–D3 (D0 = 1s bit) · shows 0–F · inputs read high…

7-segment display

0.56" red 7-segment, common cathode · 330 Ω per segment built in · ~10 mA per segment

74xx00 (HC00, DIP-14)

HC00 Quad 2-input NAND · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-14 · VCC pin 14, GND pin 7

74xx02 (HC02, DIP-14)

HC02 Quad 2-input NOR · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-14 · VCC pin 14, GND pin 7

74xx04 (HC04, DIP-14)

HC04 Hex inverter (NOT) · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-14 · VCC pin 14, GND pin 7

74xx08 (HC08, DIP-14)

HC08 Quad 2-input AND · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-14 · VCC pin 14, GND pin 7

74xx32 (HC32, DIP-14)

HC32 Quad 2-input OR · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-14 · VCC pin 14, GND pin 7

74xx86 (HC86, DIP-14)

HC86 Quad 2-input XOR · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-14 · VCC pin 14, GND pin 7

74xx74 (HC74, DIP-14)

HC74 Dual D flip-flop, rising edge · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-14 · VCC pin 14, GND pin 7

74xx107 (HC107, DIP-14)

HC107 Dual JK flip-flop, falling edge · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-14 · VCC pin 14, GND pin 7

74xx393 (HC393, DIP-14)

HC393 Dual 4-bit binary ripple counter · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-14 · VCC pin 14, GND pin 7

74xx161 (HC161, DIP-16)

HC161 Synchronous 4-bit binary counter · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-16 · VCC pin 16, GND pin 8

74xx164 (HC164, DIP-14)

HC164 8-bit serial-in, parallel-out shift register · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-14 · VCC pin 14, GND pin 7

74xx4511 (HC4511, DIP-16)

HC4511 BCD to 7-segment latch/decoder/driver · 74HC · CMOS · DIP-16 · VCC pin 16, GND pin 8

CD4017 decade counter (CD4017B, DIP-16)

CD4017B · decade counter / divider · one of ten outputs high at a time, steps on each rising clock · 3–15 V…

74HC595 shift register (HC595, DIP-16)

HC595 · 8-bit serial-in shift register with output latch and tri-state outputs · 3 wires drive 8 outputs…

74HC14 Schmitt inverter (DIP-14)

74HC14 hex Schmitt-trigger inverter · 2–6 V · switches high at about 0.55 V_CC rising and low at about 0.37…

Packaging & mounting

TO-220 heatsink (LM317)

Black-anodised aluminium, 15 °C/W in free air · drop it on a TO-220 part (MOSFET, 7805, LM317) to attach it

Project enclosure

ABS enclosure 160×110×70 mm · IP65 · parts inside run hotter: inside = ambient + P × θ_box

DIN rail (35 mm) (TS35)

TS35 top-hat rail, 300 mm, steel zinc-plated · clip breakers, charge controllers and terminal blocks onto it

M3 standoff

M3 × 10 mm brass hex standoff with screw · lifts a board off the enclosure floor so air flows and nothing…

Instruments

Oscilloscope

2-channel digital storage · 1 MΩ inputs · DC coupled

Logic analyzer (8 channels)

USB logic analyzer, 8 channels + GND, 1.4 V threshold, decodes UART, I²C and SPI

Schematic sheet

Schematic sheet

Function generator

Function generator · Sine 1 kHz · 2 V p-p · offset 0 V · 50 Ω output

Electronic load

Bench electronic load · constant current 1 A · 0–60 V · 0–10 A · 150 W

DC watt meter

Inline DC watt meter · 4.8–60 V · 0–100 A (130 A peak) · 0.25 mΩ shunt on the negative side · shows V, A, W…

Clamp meter

Hall-effect clamp meter · DC amps · 0.01–400 A · drag its jaw over one wire (only one conductor, or the…

LCR meter

Handheld LCR meter · test signal 0.5 V at 1 kHz through 100 Ω · reads R, L, C and ESR of the part between…